Few countries have tailored regulations for these systems, meaning producers often rely on general food safety rules. The report stresses the need for clearer guidelines to address the unique risks of soilless growing environments.
Indoor farming refers to growing crops in controlled environments such as greenhouses, hydroponic systems and vertical farms. These systems can reduce pesticide use and make fresh produce available closer to cities.
However, because they differ from traditional farms, they also introduce unique food safety challenges that must be carefully managed.
Since water is often the primary growing medium in hydroponics and aquaponics, contamination with pathogens or chemicals poses a major risk. The FAO notes that improper monitoring can lead to widespread contamination if one source is compromised.
Controlled environments use artificial lighting and regulated humidity. While these help optimize growth, they may also create conditions that favor mold, fungi or bacteria if not properly balanced.
Materials used to grow plants, such as coconut fibre or rockwool, can carry germs if they aren’t cleaned properly. The nutrient-rich water used in these systems also needs close monitoring to stop bacteria from growing.
As with traditional farming, contamination risks remain during harvesting, packaging and transport. Without strong hygiene practices, produce grown in sterile environments can still become unsafe.
Most countries apply general food safety standards to indoor farms rather than industry-specific rules. The FAO highlights that this regulatory gap may leave certain risks under-addressed. In the U.S., the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) covers produce safety but does not specifically address indoor farming practices.
The report calls for:
For U.S. food operators, the FAO’s findings reinforce the need for robust training and compliance with FDA requirements.
Food Handlers and Food Protection Managers should be trained to recognize the unique risks of indoor-grown produce, from waterborne pathogens to handling practices. Consumers can feel confident that these systems can produce safe food, but only when supported by strong oversight and transparent standards.
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It can reduce pesticide use and contamination from soil, but risks still exist, especially with water and humidity control.
The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) oversees produce safety under FSMA, but there are no specific rules for indoor farming yet.
Water contamination, unsterilized growing materials and poor post-harvest hygiene are all significant risks to food safety associated with indoor farming.